Survey townships are distinct from civil townships. Stemming from that are the idiomatic expressions, "the lower 40", the 40 acres on a settler's land that is lowest in elevation, in the direction towards which water drains toward a stream, and the " back forty", the portion farthest from the settler's dwelling. In the Homestead Act of 1862, one quarter-section of land was the amount allocated to each settler. Sections are divided into quarter-sections of 160 acres (65 ha) each and quarter-quarter sections of 40 acres (16 ha) each. These are often known as Congressional Townships. Prior to standardization, some of the Ohio Lands (the United States Military District, the Firelands and the Connecticut Western Reserve) were surveyed into townships of 5 miles (8.0 km) on each side. Virtually all lands covered by this system were sold according to those boundaries and are marked on the U.S. Later survey crews subdivided the townships into section (interior) lines. Township (exterior) lines were originally surveyed and platted by the US General Land Office using contracted private survey crews. For example, Township 2 North, Range 4 East is the 4th township east of the principal meridian and the 2nd township north of the base line. The townships are referenced by a numbering system that locates the township in relation to a principal meridian (north-south) and a base line (east-west).
The sections can be further subdivided for sale. Each 36-square-mile (about 93.2 km 2) township is divided into 36 sections of one square mile (640 acres, roughly 2.6 km 2) each. Of the civil townships shown on this map, only Pine Township exactly matches a survey township with 36 sections.Ī survey township, sometimes called a Congressional township or just township, as used by the United States Public Land Survey System, is a nominally-square area of land that is nominally six U.S. The survey townships are represented by the numbers (horizontal "town" and vertical "range" numbers), and the civil townships using the same boundaries are represented by the names.ġ877 map of Warren County, Indiana. 1826 map of the Connecticut Western Reserve in northern Ohio showing both survey and civil townships.
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